APPENDIX A List of symbols
advective transport through the boundaries of the grid box
fraction of grid box covered by clouds
fraction of grid box covered by precipitation
fractional area of updraughts
condensation rate
specific heat at constant pressure
detrainment in the cumulus updraughts
rate of evaporation of cloud water/ice
rate of evaporation of precipitation
saturation water vapour
longwave radiative flux divergence
moisture transport by clouds
acceleration of gravity
generation of precipitation that falls out from one level to another
generation of precipitation from cloud water/ice
generation of precipitation in the form of rain
generation of precipitation in the form of snow
mixed-layer height
surface humidity flux
diffusion coefficient
latent heat
latent heat of fusion
latent heat of sublimation
latent heat of vaporization
grid-mean specific cloud liquid-water and ice content
specific cloud water content per cloud area
specific cloud water/ice content in the cumulus downdraughts
specific cloud water/ice content in the cumulus updraughts
rate of snowment
cumulus-induced subsidence mass flux
precipitation rate
local precipitation rate
pressure
environmental specific humidity
specific humidity in the convecive downdraughts
saturation specific humidity
saturation specific humidity with respect to ice
saturation specific humidity with respect to water
specific humidity in the convecive updraughts
radiative heating rate in cloudy air
radiative heating rate in cloud-free air
gas constant for dry air
gas constant for water vapour
= 0.8
threshold value of the relative humidity
formation of cloud water/ice by convective processes
formation of cloud water/ice by stratiform condensation processes
formation of cloud water/ice by boundary-layer processes
dry static energy
virtual dry static energy
temperature
= 273.16 K
= 268 K temperature at which the Bergeron-Findeison enhances the precipitation
= 250.16 K
= 
area-mean generalized vertical velocity
is the cloud mass flux
entrainment velocity
terminal fall speed of ice particles
updraught velocity
fraction of condensate held as liquid water
rate of increase of cloud area by boundary-layer processes
rate of increase of cloud area by convective processes
rate of increase of cloud area by stratiform condensation processes
rate of decrease of clopud area due to evaporation
density of moist air
density of cloud water
