| Home > Newsevents > Training > Rcourse_notes > PARAMETRIZATION > RADIATION_TRANSFER > |
Radiation Transfer
March 2000
By Jean-Jacques
Morcrette
European Centre for Medium-range Weather
Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading Berkshire RG2 9AX, United Kingdom
Table of contents >>
Previous Section >>
REFERENCES
Baer, F., N. Arsky, J.J. Charney, and R.G. Ellingson, 1996: Intercomparison of heating rates generated by global climate model longwave radiation codes. J. Geophys. Res., 101D, 26,589-26,603.
Barker, H.W., 1996: A parameterization for computing grid-averaged solar fluxes for inhomogeneous marine boundary layer clouds. Part I: Methodology and homogeneous biases. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2289-2303.
Barker, H.W., J.-J. Morcrette, and D. Alexander, 1998: Broadband solar fluxes and heating rates for atmospheres with 3D broken clouds. Quart. J. Royal Meteor. Soc., 124, 1245-1271.
Barkstrom, B.R., and G.L. Smith, 1986: The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment: Science and implementation. Rev. Geophys., 24, 379-390.
Bonnel, B., Y. Fouquart, J.-C. Vanhoutte, C. Fravalo, and R. Rosset, 1983: Radiative properties of some African and mid-latitude stratocumulus clouds. Beitr. Phys. Atmosph., 56, 409-428.
Boucher, O., and U. Lohmann, 1995: The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect: A sensitivity study using two general circulation models. Tellus, 47B, 281-300.
Cairns B., A.A. Lacis, and B.E. Carlson, 2000: Absorption within inhomogeneous clouds and its parameterization in general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 700-714.
Cess, R.D., M.H. Zhang, P. Minnis, L. Corsetti, E.G. Dutton, B.W. Forgan, D.P. Garber, W.L. Gates, J.J. Hack, E.F. Harrison, X. Jing, J.T. Kiehl, C.N. Long, J.-J. Morcrette, G.L. Potter, V. Ramanathan, B. Subasilar, C.H. Whitlock, D.F. Young, Y. Zhou, 1995: Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: Observations versus models. Science, 267, 496-499.
Chandrasekhar, S., 1935: The radiation equilibrium of the outer layer of a star with special reference to the blanquening effect of the reverse layer. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 95, 21.
Chandrasekhar, S., 1958: On the diffuse reflection of a pencil of radiation by a plane parallel atmosphere. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 44, 933-940.
Chandrasekhar, S., 1960: Radiative transfer. Dover Publications, New York.
Cheruy, F., F. Chevallier, J.-J. Morcrette, N. A. Scott, and A. Chedin, 1996: A fast method using neural networks for computing the vertical distribution of the thermal component of the Earth radiative budget. C.R.Acad.Sci., 322, IIb (in French)
Chevallier, F., A. Chedin, F. Cheruy, and J.-J. Morcrette, 2000a: TIGR-like atmospheric profile databases for accurate radiative-flux computation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 777-785. (also ECMWF Technical Memorandum No. 275, March 1999, 21 pp)
Chevallier, F., J.-J. Morcrette, F. Cheruy, and N.A. Scott, 2000b: Use of a neural-network-based longwave radiative transfer scheme in the ECMWF atmospheric model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 761-776. (also ECMWF Technical Memorandum No. 276, March 1999, 21 pp)
Chia Chou, and J. D. Neelin, 1996: Linearization of a longwave radiation scheme for intermediate tropical atmospheric models. J. Geophys. Res., 101D, 15129-151146
Chylek, P., G. Videen, D. Ngo, R.G. Pinnick, and J.D. Klett, 1995: Effect of black carbon on the optical properties and climate forcing of sulphate aerosols. J. Geophys. Res., 100D, 16,325-16,332.
Coakley, J.A., Jr., and P. Chylek, 1975: The two-stream approximation in radiation transfer: Including the angle of the incident radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 409-418.
Curtis, A.R., 1952: Discussion. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 78, 638-640.
Curtis, A.R., 1956: The computation of radiative heating rates in the atmosphere. Proc. Roy. Soc., A 236, 148-156.
Cusack, S., A. Slingo, J.M. Edwards, and M. Wild, 1998: The radiative impact of a simple aerosol climatology on the Hadley Centre atmospheric GCM. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124A, 2517-2526.
Darnell, W.L., W.F. Staylor, S.K. Gupta, N.A. Ritchey, and A.C. Wilber, 1992: Seasonal variation of surface radiation budget derived from ISCCP-C1 data. J. Geophys. Res., 97D, 15,741-15,760.
Deschamps, P.-Y., M. Herman, and D. Tanre, 1983: Modelisation du rayonnement solaire reflechi par l'atmosphere et la Terre, entre 0.35 et 4 microns. Rapport ESA 4393/80/F/DC(SC), 156 pp.
Ebert, E.E., and J.A. Curry, 1992: A parametrisation of ice cloud optical properties for climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 97D, 3831-3836.
Edwards, J.M., and A. Slingo, 1996: Studies with a flexible new radiation code: I: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122A, 689-720.
Ellingson, R.E., J. Ellis, and S.B. Fels, 1991: The Intercomparison of Radiation Codes used in Climate Models: Longwave results. J. Geophys. Res., 96D, 8929-8954.
Elsasser, W.M., 1938: Mean absorption and equivalent absorption coefficient of a band spectrum. Phys. Rev., 54, 126-129.
Elsasser, W.M., 1942: Heat transfer by infrared radiation in the atmosphere. Harvard Meteorological Studies No.6, 107 pp.
Fels, S.B., 1979: Simple strategies for inclusion of Voigt effects in infrared cooling rate calculations.Appl. Opt., 18, 2634-2637.
Fisher, H., 1985: Absorption and emission. Promet., 15, 2/3 16-19
Fouquart, Y., 1974: Utilisation des approximants de Pade pour l'etude des largeurs equivalentes de raies formees en atmosphere diffusante. J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer., 14, 497-508.
Fouquart, Y., and B. Bonnel, 1980: Computations of solar heating of the earth's atmosphere: a new parameterization. Beitr. Phys. Atmosph., 53, 35-62.
Fouquart, Y., 1987: Radiative transfer in climate models. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Changes. Erice, Sicily, 11-23 May 1986. M.E. Schlesinger, Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 223-284.
Fouquart, Y., B. Bonnel, and V. Ramaswamy, 1991: Intercomparing shortwave radiation codes for climate studies. J. Geophys. Res., 96D, 8955-8968.
Qiang Fu, and K.-N. Liou, 1993: Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008-2025.
Qiang Fu, 1996: An accurate parameterization of the solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate studies. J. Climate, 9, 2058-2082.
Qiang Fu, P. Yang, and W.B. Sun, 1998: An accurate parameterization of the infrared radiative properties of cirrus clouds of climate models. J. Climate, 11, 2223-2237.
Qiang Fu, W.B. Sun, and P. Yang, 1999: Modeling of scattering and absorption by nonspherical cirrus ice particles at thermal infrared wavelengths. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2937-2947.
Garratt, J.R., 1994: Incoming shortwave fluxes at the surface: A comparison of GCM results with observations. J. Climate, 7, 72-80.
Garratt, J.R., A.J. Prata, 1996: Downwelling longwave fluxes at continental surfaces - A comparison of observations with GCM simulations and implications for the global land-surface radiation budget. J. Climate, 9, 646-655.
Garratt, J.R., A.J. Prata, L.D. Rotstayn, B.J. McAvaney, and S. Cusack, 1998: The surface radiation budget over oceans and continents. J. Climate, 11, 1951-1968.
Geleyn, J.-F., and A. Hollingsworth, 1979: An economical analytical method for the computation of the interaction between scattering and line absorption of radiation. Beitr. Phys. Atmosph., 52, 1-16.
Genthon, C., 1992: Simulations of desert dust and sea-salt aerosols in Antarctica with a general circulation model of the atmosphere. Telles, 44B, 371-389.
Giorgetta, M.A., and J.-J. Morcrette, 1995: Voigt line approximation in the ECMWF radiation scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3381-3383.
Godson, W.L., 1953: The evaluation of infrared radiative fluxes due to atmospheric water vapour. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 79, 367-379.
Goody, R.M., 1952: A statistical model for water vapour absorption. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 78, 165-169.
Goody, R.M., 1964: Atmospheric Radiation. I: Theoretical Basis. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Gupta, S.K., A.C. Wilber, W.L. Darnell, and J.T. Suttles, 1993: Longwave surface radiation over the globe from satellite data: An error analysis. Intern. J. Remote Sensing, 14, 95-114.
Qingyuan Han, W.B. Rossow, and A. Lacis, 1994: Near-global survey of effective droplet radii in liquid water clouds using ISCCP data. J. Climate, 7, 465-497.
Harrison, E.F., D.R. Brooks, P. Minnis, B.A. Wielicki, W.F. Staylor, G.G. Gibson, D.F. Young, F.M. Denn, and the ERBE Science Team, 1988: First estimates of the diurnal variation of longwave radiation from the multiple-satellite Erath Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), 1988: Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 1144-1151.
Harrison, E.F., P. Minnis, B.R. Barkstrom, V. Ramanathan, R.D. Cess, and G.G. Gibson, 1990: Seasonal variation of cloud radiative forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 95D, 18,687-18,704.
Joseph, J.H., W.J. Wiscombe, and J.A. Weinman, 1976: The Delta-Eddington approximation for radiative flux transfer. J. Atmis. Sci., 33, 2452-2459.
Joussaume, S., 1990: Three-dimensional simulations of the atmospheric cycle of desert dust particles using a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1909-1941.
Kandel, R.S., M. Viollier, P. Raberanto, J.-Ph. Duvel, L.A. Pakhomov, V.A. Golovko, A.P. Trishchenko, J. Mueller, E. Raschke, R. Stuhlmann, and the International ScaRaB Scientific Working Group. 1998 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 765-783.
Laszlo, I., and R.T. Pinker, 1993: Shortwave cloud-radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere, at the surface and of the atmospheric column as determined from ISCCP C1 data. J. Geophys.Res., 98D, 2703-2718.
Le Treut, H., M. Forichon, O. Boucher, and Z.-X. Li, 1998: Sulfate aerosol indirect effect and CO2 greenhouse forcing: Equilibrium response of the LMD GCM and associated cloud feedbacks. J. Climate, 11, 1673-1684
Li, Zhanqing, and H.G. Leighton, 1993: Global climatologies of solar radiation budgets at the surface and in the atmosphere from 5 years of ERBE data. J. Geophys. Res., 98D, 4919-4930.
Liou, K.-N., 1980: An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation. International Geophysics Series, Vol. 25, Academic Press, 392 pp.
Liou, K.-N., 1992: Radiation and cloud processes in the atmosphere Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 487 pp.
Lohmann, U. and J. Feichter, 1997: Impact of sulfate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: A sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,685-13,700.
Malkmus, W., 1967: Random Lorentz band model with exponential tailed 1/S line intensity. J. Optic. Soc. Amer., 57, 323-329.
Mitchell, J.F.B., T.C. Johns, J.M. Gregory, and S.F.B. Tett, 1995: Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. Nature, 376, 6540, 501-504.
Mlawer, E.J., S.J. Taubman, P.D. Brown, M.J. Iacono, and S.A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102D, 16,663-16,682.
Morcrette, J.-J. , and Y. Fouquart, 1985: On systematic errors in parametrized calculations of longwave radiation transfer. Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc., 111, 691-708.
Morcrette, J.-J., L. Smith, and Y. Fouquart, 1986: Pressure and temperature dependence of the absorption in longwave radiation parameterizations. Beitr. Phys. Atmosph., 59, 455-469.
Morcrette, J.-J., 1990: Impact of changes to the radiation transfer parameterizations plus cloud optical properties in the ECMWF model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 847-873.
Morcrette, J.-J., 1991a: Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the ECMWF operational weather forecast model. J. Geophys. Res., 96D, 9121-9132.
Morcrette, J.-J., 1991b: Evaluation of model-generated cloudiness: Satellite observed and model-generated diurnal variability of brightness temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1205-1224.
Morcrette, J.-J., 1993: Revision of the clear-sky and cloud radiative properties in the ECMWF model. ECMWF Newsletter, 61, 3-14.
Morcrette, J.-J., 2000: On the effects of the temporal and spatial sampling of radiation fields on the ECMWF forecasts and analyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 876-887. (also ECMWF Technical Memorandum No. 277)
Morcrette, J.-J., and Ch. Jakob, 2000: Response of the ECMWF model to changes in cloud overlap assumption. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, to appear. (also ECMWF Technical Memorandum No. 278)
Ohmura, A., E.G. Dutton, B. Forgan, C. Frohlich, H. Gilgen, H. Hegner, A. Heimo, G. Konig-Langlo, B. McArthur, G. Muller, R. Philipona, R. Pinker, C.H. Whitlock, K. Dehne, and M. Wild, 1998: Baseline Surface Radiation Netweork (BSRN/WCRP): New precision radiometry for climate research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 2115-2136.
Paltridge, G. W., and C. M. R. Platt, 1976: "Radiative processes in meteorology and climatology". Elsevier, New York, 318 pp.
Pilewskie, P., and F. Valero, 1995: Direct observations of excess soalr absorption by clouds. Science, 267, 1626-1629.
Quenzel, H., 1985: Radiation from molecules and aerosol particles. Promet., 15, 2/3, 7-9.
Ramanathan, V., 1987: The role of Earth Radiation Budget studies in climate and general circulation research. J. Geophys. Res., 92D, 4075-4096.
Ramaswamy, V., and S.M. Freidenreich, 1992: A study of broadband parameterizations of the solar radiative interactions with water vapor and water drops. J. Geophys. Res., 97D, 11,487-11,512.
Ramanathan, V., B. Subalisar, G.J. Zhang, W.C. Conant, R.D. Cess, J.T. Kiehl, H. Grassl, and L. Shi, 1995: Warm pool heat budget and short wave cloud forcing. A missing physics. Science, 267, 499-503.
Rodgers, C.D., 1967: The use of emissivity in atmospheric radiation calculations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 93, 43-54.
Rodgers, C.D., and C.D. Walshaw, 1966: The computation of the infrared cooling rate in planetary atmospheres. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 92, 67-92.
Rossow, W.B., 1993: Satellite observations of radiation and clouds to diagnose energy exchanges in the climate. in Energy and Water Cycles in the Climate System. E. Raschke, D. Jacob, Eds., NATA ASI Vol. 15, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 123-141 (Part I); 143-164 (Part II).
Rossow, W.B., E. Kinsella, A. Wolf, and L. Garder, 1987: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP): Description of Reduced Resolution Radiance Data. July 1985 (revised July 1987). WMO/TD-No.58, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 143 pp.
Rothman, L.S., et al., 1998: The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database and HAWKS: 1996 Edition. J.Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 60, 665-710.
Schulz, M., Y.J. Balkanski, W. Guelle, and F. Dulac, 1998: Role of aerosol size distribution and source location in a three-dimensional simulation of a Saharan dust episode tested against satellite-derived optical thickness. J. Geophys. Res., 103D, 10,579-10,592.
Schultz, F.M., K. Stamnes, and J.J. Stamnes, 1999: Shape dependence of the optical properties in size-shape distributions of randomly oriented prolate spheroids, including highly elongated shapes. J. Geophys. Res., 104D, 9413-9422.
Shettle, E.P., and J.A. Weinman, 1970: The transfer of solar irradiance through inhomogeneous turbid atmospheres evaluated by Eddington's approximation. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1048-1055.
Smith, E. A., and Lei Shi, 1992: Surface forcing of the infrared cooling profile over the Tibetan plateau. Part I: Influence of relative longwave radiative heating at high altitude. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 805-822.
Stephens, G.L., 1979: Optical properties of eight water cloud types. C.S.I.R.O. Div. Atmos. Phys., Tech. Paper No. 36, 1-36.
Stephens, G.L., 1988: Radiative transfer through arbitrarily shaped optical media: Part I: A general method of solution. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1818-1836. Part II: Group theory and simple closures. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1837-1848.
Stephens, G.L., 1984: The parameterization of radiation for numerical weather prediction and climate models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 826-867.
Stephens, G.L., 1996: How much solar radiation do clouds absorb? Science, 271, 1131-1134.
Stephens, G.L., and P.J. Webster, 1979: Sensitivity of radiative forcing to variable cloud and moisture. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1542-1556.
Stowe, L.L., et al., 1989: Nimbus-7 Global Cloud Climatology. Part II: First year results. J. Climate, 2, 671-709.
Stubenrauch, C.J., A.D. Del Genio, and W.B. Rossow, 1997: Implementation of subgrid cloud vertical structure inside a GCM and its effect on the radiation budget. J. Climate, 10, 273-287.
Takano, Y., and K.-N. Liou, 1989: Solar radiative transfer in cirrus clouds. Part I: Single scattering and optical properties of hexagonal ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3-19. Part II: Theory and computations of multiple scattering in an anisotropic medium. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 20-36. Radiative transfer in cirrus clouds. Part III: Light scattering by irregular ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 818-837.
Tanre, D. J.-F. Geleyn, and J. Slingo, 1984: First results of the introduction of an advanced aerosol-radiation interaction in the ECMWF low resolution global model. in Aerosols and Their Climatic Effects, H.E. Gerber and A. Deepak, Eds., A. Deepak Publ., Hampton, Va., 133-177.
Tegen, I., P. Hollrigl, M. Chin, I. Fung, D. Jacob, and J. Penner, 1997: Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,895-23.915.
Tiedtke, M., 1996: An extension of cloud-radiation parameterization in the ECMWF model: The representation of sub-grid scale variations of optical depth. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 745-750.
Timmreck, C., J. Feichter, H-F. Graf, I. Kirchner and E. Manzini, 1997: Interactive simulations of Mt. Pinatubo stratospheric aerosol, J. Aerosol. Sci., 28, Suppl. 1, 5723-5724.
Wang Junhong, and W.B. Rossow, 1995: Determination of cloud vertical structure from upper-air observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 2243-2258.
Washington, W.M., and D.L. Williamson, 1977: A description of the NCAR GCMs. "GCMs of the atmosphere". J. Chang, Ed., Methods in computational physics, Vol. 17, Academic Press, 111-172.
Webster, P.J., and G.L. Stephens, 1980: Tropical upper tropospheric extended clouds: Inferences from Winter MONEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1521-1541.
Wielicki, B.A., et al., 1996: Clouds and the Earth's Radiation Energy System (CERES): An Earth Observing System experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 853-868.
Wyser, K., 1998: The effective radius of ice clouds. J. Climate, 11, 1793-1802.
Zhang, Y.-C., W.B. Rossow, and A.A. Lacis, 1995: Calculation of surface and top of the atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP data sets, 1: Method and sensitivity to input data uncertainties. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1149-1166.
Training Course Notes Front Page >>
Table of contents >>
Previous Section >>
 |
12.06.2002 |
 |
© ECMWF |
